Imuscle 2 copyright how to#

In a conceptual framework, Joyner and Coyle (2008) already described “potential” physiological determinants of endurance performance. Such power-duration profiles are widely applied in endurance sports (e.g., cycling) to determine endurance performance and the physical/physiological signature of an athlete ( Pinot and Grappe, 2011 Sanders and Erp van, 2020). Later work also assessed the relationships between power and exercise duration, which presumably link more directly to the athlete's underlying physiology ( Billat et al., 1999). The slope of these equations quantifies human endurance, the highest average velocity that is sustained over a given time period or the longest time a given velocity is sustained ( Lietzke, 1954 Riegel, 1981 Billat et al., 1999). Within such performance duration, world records highlight a distinct linear log-log relationship between finishing times and distance covered for many endurance sports ( Lietzke, 1954 Riegel, 1981). Endurance competitions typically range from ~3 to 230 min within sports such as running, swimming, speed skating, skiing, and cycling ( Riegel, 1981), excluding ultra-endurance competitions. Independently of the sport performed, these athletes aim to reach the finish line as quickly as possible, by producing the highest average velocity over the course of the event. Optimisation of endurance performance requires careful design of training interventions that fine tune modulation of exercise intensity, frequency and duration, and particularly periodisation with respect to the skeletal muscle determinants.Įndurance athletes compete against each other in a race to finish first. This review highlights that integrative assessment of skeletal muscle determinants points toward efficient type-I fibers with a high mitochondrial oxidative capacity and strongly encourages well-adjusted capillarization and myoglobin concentrations to accommodate the required oxygen flux during endurance performance, especially in large muscle fibers. Moreover, we discuss how these physiological determinants can be improved by training and what potential physiological challenges endurance athletes may face when trying to maximize their performance.

In this review, we advance on Joyner and Coyle's conceptual framework of endurance performance, by integrating a meta-analysis of the interrelationships, and corresponding effect sizes between endurance performance and its key physiological determinants at the macroscopic (whole-body) and the microscopic level (muscle tissue, i.e., muscle fiber oxidative capacity, oxygen supply, muscle fiber size, and fiber type). The leading question is how athletes reach exceptional values in one or all of these determinants to optimize their endurance performance, and how such performance can be explained by (combinations of) underlying physiological determinants. Although these determinants are known to interact, it has also been demonstrated that athletes rarely excel in all three. In endurance sports, whole-body measurements such as the maximal oxygen consumption, lactate threshold, and efficiency/economy play a key role in performance.

Imuscle 2 copyright how to#

In the past decades, researchers have extensively studied (elite) athletes' physiological responses to understand how to maximize their endurance performance. 4Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.3Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.2Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.1Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.Stephan van der Zwaard 1,2,3 *, Franck Brocherie 4 and Richard T.